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International (17)

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Category: Intersection traffic control (70)

Subcategory: Signal phasing or timing (69)

Countermeasure: Add exclusive pedestrian phasing

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.65	35		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.95	5		All	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.97	3		Multiple vehicle	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.95	5		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Change permissive left-turn phasing to protected only or protected/permissive

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	1.106	-10.6		Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes … [read more]

	1.136	-13.6		Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes … [read more]

	0.718	28.2		Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes … [read more]

	1.091	-9.1		Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes … [read more]

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Countermeasure: Increase length of signal phases to allow pedestrians more crossing time

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.49	51		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.98	2		All	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	1.05	-5		Multiple vehicle	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.89	11		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install flashing yellow arrow

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	1	0		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Not specified	Van Houten et al., 2012	The report does not indicate … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install pedestrian countdown timer

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.912	8.8		All	All		Kitali et al., 2017

	0.929	7.1		All	O (property damage only)		Kitali et al., 2017

	0.92	8		Rear end	All		Kitali et al., 2017

	F(x)			All	All		Kitali et al., 2017

	F(x)			All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)		Kitali et al., 2017

	F(x)			All	O (property damage only)		Kitali et al., 2017

	F(x)			Rear end	All		Kitali et al., 2017

	0.921	7.9		All	All	Urban	Srinivasan et al., 2019

	0.875	12.5		Rear end	All	Urban	Srinivasan et al., 2019

	0.952	4.8		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)		Kitali et al., 2017

	0.954	4.6		Angle	All		Kitali et al., 2017

	0.988	1.2		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Srinivasan et al., 2019

	1.027	-2.7		Angle	All	Urban	Srinivasan et al., 2019

	0.912	8.8		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Srinivasan et al., 2019

	0.3	70		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Not specified	Van Houten et al., 2012	The study did not adjust … [read more]

	0.45	55		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Not specified	Van Houten et al., 2012	The study did not adjust … [read more]

	0.48	52		Other	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Kwigizile et al., 2016	CMFs of crashes involve drivers … [read more]

	0.99	1		All	All	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	0.95	5		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	1	0		All	O (property damage only)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	1.03	-3		All	All	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	0.99	1		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	1.04	-4		All	O (property damage only)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	0.81	19		All	All	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	0.71	29		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	0.84	16		All	O (property damage only)	Not specified	Boateng et al., 2019	The study focused on safety … [read more]

	1.014	-1.4		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012

	0.838	16.2		Vehicle/pedestrian	O (property damage only)	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012

	1.026	-2.6		Vehicle/pedestrian	B (minor injury)	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012

	0.984	1.6		Vehicle/pedestrian	A (serious injury)	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012

	0.968	3.2		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal)	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012

	0.941	5.9		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012	This CMF only applies to … [read more]

	1.038	-3.8		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012	This CMF only applies to … [read more]

	0.967	3.3		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012	This CMF only applies to … [read more]

	0.943	5.7		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012	This CMF only applies to … [read more]

	1.042	-4.2		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	A. Camden, R. Buliung, L. Rothman, C. Macarthur, and A. Howard, 2012	This CMF only applies to … [read more]

	0.85	15		Other	All	Not specified	Kwigizile et al., 2016	CMFs of crashes involve drivers … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Modify signal phasing (implement a leading pedestrian interval)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.9	10		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes. … [read more]

	0.83	17		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.81	19		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

	0.9	10		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes.This … [read more]

	0.85	15		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.81	19		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

	0.83	17		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes. … [read more]

	0.84	16		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes. … [read more]

	0.86	14		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.87	13		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes. … [read more]

	0.86	14		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.87	13		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

	0.413	58.7		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Fayish and Gross, 2009	Pedestrian crossing volumes reached nearly … [read more]

	0.72	28		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.9	10		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

	0.91	9		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

	0.9	10		All	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Crashes. … [read more]

	1.09	-9		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Total Injury … [read more]

	0.54	46		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Goughnour et al., 2018	Crash Type = Vehicle - … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Subcategory: Other (1)

Countermeasure: Replace existing WALK / DON'T WALK signals with pedestrian countdown signal heads

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.75	25		Vehicle/pedestrian	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Markowitz et al., 2006

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Category: Pedestrians (76)

Subcategory: None (76)

Countermeasure: Convert Pelican crossing or farside pedestrian signal to Puffin crossing

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.81	19		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were a … [read more]

	0.83	17		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were pedestrian … [read more]

	0.76	24		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were a … [read more]

	0.84	16		Angle,Cross median,Day time,Dry weather,Fixed object,Head on,Left turn,Nighttime,Parking related,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle,Speed related,Truck related,Vehicle/bicycle,Wet road	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were a … [read more]

	0.74	26		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were 3-arm … [read more]

	0.61	39		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were 3-arm … [read more]

	0.78	22		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Maxwell et al., 2011	The treatment sites were pedestrian … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Implement Barnes Dance

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.49	51		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The corresponding change in crashes … [read more]

	1.1	-10		Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The corresponding change in crashes … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Implement Safe Routes to School Program

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.87	13		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Guiterrez et al., 2008

	0.861	13.9		Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Guiterrez et al., 2008

	0.839	16.1		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	B (minor injury),C (possible injury)		Guiterrez et al., 2008

	0.884	11.6		Vehicle/bicycle	All		Guiterrez et al., 2008

	1.28	-28		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury)		Guiterrez et al., 2008

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Implement Safe Routes to School Program (Age 13-17)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	1.05	-5		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Guiterrez et al., 2008

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Implement to Safe Routes to School Program (Age 5-12)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.724	27.6		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	All		Guiterrez et al., 2008

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Increase cycle length for pedestrian crossing

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.5	50		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The corresponding change in crashes … [read more]

	0.55	45		Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The corresponding change in crashes … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install a pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB or HAWK)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.883	11.7		All	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.808	19.2		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.878	12.2		Rear end	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.639	36.1		Rear end	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.567	43.3		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.828	17.2		All	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.685	31.5		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.706	29.4		Angle	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.552	44.8		Angle	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.778	22.2		Rear end	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.672	32.8		Rear end	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.818	18.2		All	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.748	25.2		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.774	22.6		Angle	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.795	20.5		Rear end	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.714	28.6		Rear end	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.543	45.7		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.55	45		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.87	13		Angle	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.991	0.9		Angle	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.755	24.5		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.63	37		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.591	40.9		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.755	24.5		Angle	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick et al., 2019	The reference group consisted of … [read more]

	0.712	29		All	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick, K., and Park, E.S., 2010	The authors of this study … [read more]

	0.849	15		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick, K., and Park, E.S., 2010	The authors of this study … [read more]

	0.309	69		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Fitzpatrick, K., and Park, E.S., 2010	The authors of this study … [read more]

	0.453	54.7		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Zegeer et al., 2017	Methodology used was a combination … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install enhanced RRFB pedestrian crossing at mid-block crossing location

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.93	7		Rear end	All	All	Monsere et al.,, 2017	all rear-end crashes, not just … [read more]

	0.64	36		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	All	Monsere et al.,, 2017	All pedestrian related crashes … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install high-visibility crosswalk

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.6	40		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The treatment group included both … [read more]

	0.81	19		Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe	All	Urban	Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012	The treatment intersections included both … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install parallelogram-shaped pavement markings on approaches to unsignalized pedestrian crosswalks

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.789	21.1		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Guo et al., 2016

	1.054	-5.4		Rear end	All	Urban	Guo et al., 2016

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install pedestrian fencing

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.52	48		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.88	12		All	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.85	15		Multiple vehicle	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.86	14		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.71	29		All	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.76	24		Multiple vehicle	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	1.18	-18		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

	0.87	13		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Chen et al., 2013	The number of crashes in … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB or HAWK) with advanced yield or stop markings and signs

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.432	56.8		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Zegeer et al., 2017	Methodology used was a combination … [read more]

	0.82	18		All	All	Urban and suburban	Zegeer et al., 2017	Study sites were a combination … [read more]

	0.876	12.4		Rear end,Sideswipe	All	Urban and suburban	Zegeer et al., 2017	Study sites were a combination … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install Pedestrian Signals

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	F(x)			All	All	Urban and suburban	Sacchi et al., 2015

	F(x)			All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and suburban	Sacchi et al., 2015

	F(x)			All	O (property damage only)	Urban and suburban	Sacchi et al., 2015

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install raised median with marked crosswalk (uncontrolled)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.54	46		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and Suburban	Zegeer et al., 2002	The study design was a … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install raised median with unmarked crosswalk (uncontrolled)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.61	39		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and Suburban	Zegeer et al., 2002	The study design was a … [read more]

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install raised pedestrian crosswalks

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.64	36		All	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and Suburban	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

	0.55	46		Vehicle/pedestrian	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and Suburban	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

	0.7	30		All	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban and Suburban	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Install rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB)

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.526	47.4		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban and suburban	Zegeer et al., 2017

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Countermeasure: presence of a pedestrian crosswalk at midblock locations

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.82	18		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	, 2022

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Countermeasure: Raised intersections

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	1.05	-5		All	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

	1.13	-13		All	O (property damage only)	Not specified	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

*NOTE: You can compare CMFs across countermeasures, subcategories, and categories.

Countermeasure: Widen sidewalks at intersections

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	1.12	-12		All	A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Not specified	Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004

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Category: Roadside (4)

Subcategory: Other (4)

Countermeasure: Median treatment for ped/bike safety

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.86	14		All	All	Urban	Zhang et al., 2017	For all crashes, not just … [read more]

	0.91	9		All	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Zhang et al., 2017	For all fatal & injury, … [read more]

	0.14	86		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal)	Urban	Zhang et al., 2017	For fatal ped/bike related crashes … [read more]

	1.12	-12		Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Zhang et al., 2017	For all ped/bike related crashes … [read more]

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Category: Roadway (1)

Subcategory: Roadway rumble strips (1)

Countermeasure: Install transverse rumble strips at pedestrian crosswalks on rural low-volume roads

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.76	24		All	All	Rural	Liu et al., 2011

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Category: Transit (8)

Subcategory: None (8)

Countermeasure: Install Platform Tram Stops

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.571	42.9		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Naznin et al., 2015	CMF of pedestrian-vehicle all injury … [read more]

	0.191	80.9		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Naznin et al., 2015	CMF of pedestrian-vehicle all injury … [read more]

	0.193	80.7		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury)	Urban	Naznin et al., 2015	CMF of pedestrian-vehicle all injury … [read more]

	0.142	85.8		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury)	Urban	Naznin et al., 2015	CMF of pedestrian-vehicle fatal and … [read more]

	0.159	84.1		Vehicle/pedestrian	K (fatal),A (serious injury)	Urban	Naznin et al., 2015	CMF of pedestrian-vehicle fatal and … [read more]

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Countermeasure: Installation of new streetcar platforms at unprotected stops

	CMF	CRF(%)	Quality	Crash Type	Crash Severity	Area Type	Reference	Comments
	0.38	62		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Currie and Reynolds, 2010

	1.77	-77		Vehicle/pedestrian	All	Urban	Currie and Reynolds, 2010	TRAM-PEDESTRIAN CRASHES … [read more]

	0.88	12		All	All	Urban	Currie and Reynolds, 2010	AUTO-TRAM STOP COLLISIONS … [read more]

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